PHP fayllar bilan ishlash (o'qish va yozish)

Sozlamalar, jurnal yozuvlari, foydalanuvchi yuklagan rasm, hisobot eksporti — bularning barchasi fayl bilan ishlashni talab qiladi.

Yozish va o’qish

PHP

<?php
$fayl = "/tmp/sinov.txt";

file_put_contents($fayl, "Birinchi qator\n");
echo "Yozildi\n";

$matn = file_get_contents($fayl);
echo "O'qildi: ", $matn;

file_put_contents($fayl, "Ikkinchi qator\n", FILE_APPEND);
echo "Hozir faylda:\n", file_get_contents($fayl);

Ikki asosiy funksiya:

file_put_contents($fayl, $matn) — yozadi (mavjud mazmunni o’chiradi);
FILE_APPEND bayrog’i bilan — oxiriga qo’shadi;
file_get_contents($fayl) — butun faylni matn sifatida o’qiydi.

Avval tekshiring

PHP

<?php
$bor = "/tmp/bor.txt";
$yoq = "/tmp/yoq-fayl.txt";

file_put_contents($bor, "mazmun");

var_dump(file_exists($bor));
var_dump(file_exists($yoq));
var_dump(is_readable($bor));
echo "Hajmi: ", filesize($bor), " bayt\n";

function xavfsizOqi(string $fayl, string $standart = ""): string
{
  if (!file_exists($fayl) || !is_readable($fayl)) {
      return $standart;
  }
  $matn = file_get_contents($fayl);
  return $matn === false ? $standart : $matn;
}

echo xavfsizOqi($bor), "\n";
echo xavfsizOqi($yoq, "(fayl yo'q)");

Mavjud bo’lmagan faylni to’g’ridan-to’g’ri o’qish ogohlantirish beradi — har doim file_exists bilan tekshiring.

Qatorlab o’qish

PHP

<?php
$fayl = "/tmp/talabalar.txt";
file_put_contents($fayl, "Aziz,85\nDilnoza,92\nBobur,78\n");

$qatorlar = file($fayl, FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);

echo count($qatorlar), " ta qator\n";

foreach ($qatorlar as $i => $qator) {
  [$ism, $ball] = explode(",", $qator);
  printf("%d) %-8s %s ball\n", $i + 1, $ism, $ball);
}

file() faylni massiv qilib qaytaradi — har element bitta qator. Ikki bayroq qator uzilishi va bo’sh qatorlarni tozalaydi.

PHP

<?php
$fayl = "/tmp/katta.txt";
file_put_contents($fayl, implode("\n", range(1, 100)));

$f = fopen($fayl, "r");
$yigindi = 0;
$soni = 0;

while (($qator = fgets($f)) !== false) {
  $yigindi += (int) trim($qator);
  $soni++;
}
fclose($f);

echo "$soni qator, yig'indi: $yigindi";

Ochish rejimlari

Rejim	Ma’nosi
`r`	O’qish
`w`	Yozish — mazmunni o’chiradi
`a`	Qo’shish — oxiriga yozadi
`x`	Yaratish — fayl bor bo’lsa xato
`r+`, `w+`, `a+`	O’qish va yozish

JSON saqlash

Tuzilgan ma’lumot uchun eng qulay usul:

PHP

<?php
$fayl = "/tmp/sozlama.json";

$sozlama = [
  "sayt_nomi" => "LearnCode",
  "til" => "uz",
  "sahifada" => 10,
  "mavzular" => ["yorug'", "qorong'i"],
];

file_put_contents(
  $fayl,
  json_encode($sozlama, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT | JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE)
);

echo file_get_contents($fayl), "\n";

function jsonOqi(string $fayl): array
{
  if (!file_exists($fayl)) {
      return [];
  }
  try {
      $m = json_decode(file_get_contents($fayl), true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
      return is_array($m) ? $m : [];
  } catch (JsonException) {
      return [];
  }
}

$qayta = jsonOqi($fayl);
echo "Til: ", $qayta["til"], ", sahifada: ", $qayta["sahifada"];

JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE — o’zbek harflari o’qiladigan qolsin; JSON_PRETTY_PRINT — chiroyli chekinish bilan.

CSV bilan ishlash

PHP

<?php
$fayl = "/tmp/hisobot.csv";

$talabalar = [
  ["Ism", "Guruh", "Ball"],
  ["Aziz", "IT-21", 85],
  ["Dilnoza", "IT-20", 92],
];

$f = fopen($fayl, "w");
foreach ($talabalar as $qator) {
  fputcsv($f, $qator, ",", "\"", "\\");
}
fclose($f);

echo "Fayl mazmuni:\n", file_get_contents($fayl), "\n";

$f = fopen($fayl, "r");
$sarlavha = fgetcsv($f, 0, ",", "\"", "\\");
echo "Ustunlar: ", implode(" | ", $sarlavha), "\n";

while (($q = fgetcsv($f, 0, ",", "\"", "\\")) !== false) {
  echo "  ", $q[0], " — ", $q[2], " ball\n";
}
fclose($f);

fputcsv/fgetcsv vergul va tirnoqlarni o’zi hisobga oladi — qo’lda explode(",") qilishdan ishonchliroq.

Bir vaqtda yozish muammosi

PHP

<?php
$jurnal = "/tmp/jurnal.log";

function yoz(string $fayl, string $xabar): void
{
  $qator = sprintf("[%s] %s\n", "2026-09-10 10:00", $xabar);
  file_put_contents($fayl, $qator, FILE_APPEND | LOCK_EX);
}

yoz($jurnal, "Foydalanuvchi kirdi");
yoz($jurnal, "Buyurtma yaratildi");
yoz($jurnal, "To'lov qabul qilindi");

echo file_get_contents($jurnal);

Papka bilan ishlash

PHP

<?php
$papka = "/tmp/mening-papkam";

if (!is_dir($papka)) {
  mkdir($papka, 0755, true);
  echo "Papka yaratildi\n";
}

file_put_contents("$papka/bir.txt", "1");
file_put_contents("$papka/ikki.txt", "22");
file_put_contents("$papka/uch.json", "{}");

$fayllar = array_diff(scandir($papka), [".", ".."]);
echo "Fayllar: ", implode(", ", $fayllar), "\n";

$matnlar = glob("$papka/*.txt");
echo "Faqat .txt: ", count($matnlar), " ta\n";

foreach ($matnlar as $f) {
  echo "  ", basename($f), " — ", filesize($f), " bayt\n";
}

glob naqsh bo’yicha fayllarni topadi; basename yo’ldan faqat fayl nomini oladi.

Nusxalash, ko’chirish, o’chirish

PHP

<?php
$a = "/tmp/asl.txt";
file_put_contents($a, "mazmun");

copy($a, "/tmp/nusxa.txt");
echo "Nusxa bormi: ", file_exists("/tmp/nusxa.txt") ? "ha" : "yo'q", "\n";

rename("/tmp/nusxa.txt", "/tmp/yangi-nom.txt");
echo "Yangi nom bormi: ", file_exists("/tmp/yangi-nom.txt") ? "ha" : "yo'q", "\n";

unlink("/tmp/yangi-nom.txt");
echo "O'chirgandan keyin: ", file_exists("/tmp/yangi-nom.txt") ? "ha" : "yo'q";

Fayl yuklash

HTML tomonida enctype majburiy:

<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <input type="file" name="rasm">
  <button type="submit">Yuklash</button>
</form>

PHP tomonida:

<?php
const MAX = 2 * 1024 * 1024;                    // 2 MB
const RUXSAT = ["image/jpeg", "image/png", "image/webp"];

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] === "POST" && isset($_FILES["rasm"])) {
    $f = $_FILES["rasm"];

    // 1. Xatoni tekshirish
    if ($f["error"] !== UPLOAD_ERR_OK) {
        exit("Yuklashda xato: " . $f["error"]);
    }

    // 2. Hajm
    if ($f["size"] > MAX) {
        exit("Fayl 2 MB dan katta");
    }

    // 3. HAQIQIY turni tekshirish (nomga ISHONMANG)
    $tur = mime_content_type($f["tmp_name"]);
    if (!in_array($tur, RUXSAT, true)) {
        exit("Faqat rasm yuklash mumkin");
    }

    // 4. Yangi, xavfsiz nom yasash
    $kengaytma = match($tur) {
        "image/jpeg" => "jpg",
        "image/png"  => "png",
        "image/webp" => "webp",
    };
    $nom = bin2hex(random_bytes(16)) . "." . $kengaytma;

    // 5. Ko'chirish
    if (move_uploaded_file($f["tmp_name"], __DIR__ . "/yuklanmalar/" . $nom)) {
        echo "Yuklandi: $nom";
    }
}

Yo’l xavfsizligi

PHP

<?php
// Foydalanuvchi bergan nom — ../ bilan boshqa papkaga chiqishga urinish
$soralganlar = ["hisobot.pdf", "../../etc/parol", "/etc/passwd"];

foreach ($soralganlar as $n) {
  printf("%-18s → %s\n", $n, basename($n));
}

echo "\nbasename() papka qismini olib tashladi";

basename() yo’ldagi papka qismini olib tashlaydi — path traversal hujumidan asosiy himoya. Foydalanuvchi bergan nomni hech qachon to’g’ridan-to’g’ri yo’lga qo’shmang.

Amaliy mashq

Faylga matn yozing va qayta o’qing;
FILE_APPEND bilan yana bir qator qo’shing;
file_exists tekshiruvi bilan xavfsiz o’qish funksiyasini yozing;
massivni JSON qilib saqlang va qayta yuklang;
CSV yozib, fgetcsv bilan o’qing;
glob bilan papkadagi .txt fayllarni sanang.

Qisqacha xulosa

file_put_contents yozadi, FILE_APPEND bilan qo’shadi; file_get_contents o’qiydi.
O’qishdan oldin file_exists bilan tekshiring.
file() faylni qatorlar massiviga aylantiradi.
Katta fayl uchun fopen + fgets — xotira tejaladi.
w rejimi faylni bo’shatadi; bir vaqtda yozishda LOCK_EX.
JSON uchun JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE, CSV uchun fputcsv/fgetcsv.
Fayl yuklashda: yangi nom, mime_content_type, hajm chegarasi, move_uploaded_file.

Keyingi darsda ma’lumotlar bazasi va PDO — MySQL bilan ishlash.