PHP assotsiativ massivlar (kalit va qiymat)

Oddiy massivda element raqam bilan topiladi: $talaba[0]. Ammo 0 nimani anglatishi kodda ko’rinmaydi. Assotsiativ massiv raqam o’rniga ma’noli nom ishlatadi.

Muammo va yechim

PHP

<?php
$talaba = ["Aziz", 20, "IT-21"];
echo $talaba[1], "\n";

$talaba = [
  "ism" => "Aziz",
  "yosh" => 20,
  "guruh" => "IT-21",
];
echo $talaba["yosh"];

Ikkinchi variantda $talaba["yosh"] o’zini o’zi tushuntiradi.

Kalit orqali ishlash

PHP

<?php
$talaba = [
  "ism" => "Aziz",
  "yosh" => 20,
];

echo $talaba["ism"], "\n";

$talaba["yosh"] = 21;
echo $talaba["yosh"], "\n";

$talaba["shahar"] = "Toshkent";
print_r($talaba);

Mavjud bo’lmagan kalitga qiymat berilsa — yangi element yaratiladi.

Kalit mavjudligini tekshirish

PHP

<?php
$talaba = ["ism" => "Aziz", "yosh" => 20];

var_dump(isset($talaba["ism"]));
var_dump(isset($talaba["telefon"]));
var_dump(array_key_exists("ism", $talaba));

echo $talaba["telefon"] ?? "telefon ko'rsatilmagan";

isset va null farqi

isset qiymat null bo’lsa ham false qaytaradi:

$a = ["kalit" => null];
isset($a["kalit"]);            // false — garchi kalit BOR
array_key_exists("kalit", $a); // true  — aniqrog'i shu

Amalda ?? operatori eng qulay: kalit yo’q bo’lsa standart qiymat beradi va ogohlantirish chiqarmaydi.

Tekshiruvsiz murojaat ogohlantirish beradi:

PHP

<?php
$talaba = ["ism" => "Aziz"];

echo @$talaba["yoq_kalit"], "[bo'sh]\n";
echo $talaba["yoq_kalit"] ?? "[standart]";

Element o’chirish

PHP

<?php
$narxlar = [
  "olma" => 12000,
  "banan" => 18000,
  "uzum" => 25000,
];

unset($narxlar["banan"]);
print_r($narxlar);

echo count($narxlar);

Oddiy massivdan farqli, bu yerda unset muammo tug’dirmaydi — kalitlar raqam emas.

foreach bilan yurish

PHP

<?php
$narxlar = [
  "olma" => 12000,
  "banan" => 18000,
  "uzum" => 25000,
];

foreach ($narxlar as $nom => $narx) {
  echo str_pad($nom, 8), number_format($narx, 0, ',', ' '), " so'm\n";
}

echo "Jami: ", array_sum($narxlar);

str_pad matnni belgilangan uzunlikka to’ldiradi — jadval ko’rinishi uchun.

Kalit va qiymatlarni ajratish

PHP

<?php
$narxlar = ["olma" => 12000, "banan" => 18000, "uzum" => 25000];

print_r(array_keys($narxlar));
print_r(array_values($narxlar));

var_dump(in_array(18000, $narxlar));
print_r(array_search(25000, $narxlar));

in_array qiymatlar orasidan izlaydi, array_search esa mos kalitni qaytaradi.

Saralash

Assotsiativ massivda kalit bog’lanishini saqlash muhim:

PHP

<?php
$ballar = ["Aziz" => 85, "Dilnoza" => 92, "Bobur" => 78];

asort($ballar);
print_r($ballar);

arsort($ballar);
print_r($ballar);

ksort($ballar);
print_r($ballar);

Funksiya	Nima bo’yicha	Tartib
`asort`	qiymat	o’sish
`arsort`	qiymat	kamayish
`ksort`	kalit	o’sish
`krsort`	kalit	kamayish

Ichma-ich tuzilma

Haqiqiy ma’lumot ko’pincha ko’p qavatli bo’ladi:

PHP

<?php
$talabalar = [
  [
      "ism" => "Aziz",
      "ball" => 85,
      "fanlar" => ["Matematika", "Fizika"],
  ],
  [
      "ism" => "Dilnoza",
      "ball" => 92,
      "fanlar" => ["Biologiya"],
  ],
];

echo $talabalar[0]["ism"], "\n";
echo $talabalar[1]["fanlar"][0], "\n\n";

foreach ($talabalar as $t) {
  echo $t["ism"], " — ", $t["ball"], " ball\n";
  echo "  Fanlar: ", implode(", ", $t["fanlar"]), "\n";
}

Bu naqsh ma’lumotlar bazasidan kelgan yozuvlar uchun standart.

Ustun ajratish

PHP

<?php
$talabalar = [
  ["ism" => "Aziz", "ball" => 85],
  ["ism" => "Dilnoza", "ball" => 92],
  ["ism" => "Bobur", "ball" => 78],
];

$ismlar = array_column($talabalar, "ism");
print_r($ismlar);

$ballar = array_column($talabalar, "ball", "ism");
print_r($ballar);

echo "O'rtacha: ", round(array_sum($ballar) / count($ballar), 1);

array_column ro’yxatdan bitta ustunni ajratadi; uchinchi argument bilan kalit ham belgilanadi.

Sanash naqshi

PHP

<?php
$sozlar = ["olma", "banan", "olma", "uzum", "banan", "olma"];

$hisob = [];
foreach ($sozlar as $soz) {
  $hisob[$soz] = ($hisob[$soz] ?? 0) + 1;
}

arsort($hisob);
print_r($hisob);

echo "Tayyor funksiya bilan:\n";
print_r(array_count_values($sozlar));

?? operatori birinchi uchrashda 0 beradi. PHP’da bu ish uchun tayyor array_count_values ham bor.

Amaliy misol — savat

PHP

<?php
$savat = [
  ["nom" => "Olma", "narx" => 12000, "soni" => 3],
  ["nom" => "Non", "narx" => 5000, "soni" => 2],
  ["nom" => "Sut", "narx" => 14000, "soni" => 1],
];

$jami = 0;

foreach ($savat as $mahsulot) {
  $summa = $mahsulot["narx"] * $mahsulot["soni"];
  $jami += $summa;
  printf("%-6s %2d × %6s = %8s\n",
      $mahsulot["nom"],
      $mahsulot["soni"],
      number_format($mahsulot["narx"], 0, ',', ' '),
      number_format($summa, 0, ',', ' ')
  );
}

echo str_repeat("-", 30), "\n";
echo "Jami: ", number_format($jami, 0, ',', ' '), " so'm";

printf formatlangan chiqish beradi: %-6s — 6 belgi kenglikda chapga tekislangan matn, %2d — 2 belgi kenglikda son.

Amaliy mashq

Uch kalitli assotsiativ massiv yarating;
yangi kalit qo’shing va bittasini unset qiling;
?? bilan mavjud bo’lmagan kalitni xavfsiz o’qing;
foreach ($m as $k => $v) bilan hammasini chiqaring;
asort va ksort natijasini solishtiring;
ichma-ich massiv yasab, array_column bilan ustun ajrating.

Qisqacha xulosa

Assotsiativ massivda kalit ma’noli nom bo’ladi: $t["ism"].
Mavjud bo’lmagan kalitga qiymat berilsa — yangi element yaratiladi.
Kalitni isset, array_key_exists yoki ?? bilan tekshiring.
asort/arsort qiymat bo’yicha, ksort/krsort kalit bo’yicha saralaydi.
Oddiy sort kalitlarni yo’q qiladi.
array_keys, array_values, array_column — ma’lumot ajratish uchun.
Ichma-ich massiv — bazadan kelgan yozuvlar uchun standart shakl.

Keyingi darsda matn funksiyalari — string bilan ishlash.